托福阅读压轴题秘籍，了解一下？
2021-07-20 11:07
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六个选项看着个个都对，跟着感觉走又个个选错，说的是面对小结题的你吗？其实答案就藏在题干里，教你如何速战速决六选三！
数据来源：新东方集团 （基于20万做题人次，2019年10月为止）
作为正确率极低的代表题型，小结题是托福阅读十大题型中的重灾区，而其作为多选题比其他题型占有更多分值，使考生待小结如初恋，小结虐我千百遍。
54分钟3篇700字的文章，时间紧凑使得考场上的学生无心留意题干要求，往往跟着感觉刷到最后一题就忙着扫选项回原文定位了。而在托福阅读的题目设置中，题干除了表现题型特征外，它实际上为我们提供了重要解题思路，对于小结题的指示作用更为如此。以下即大家再熟悉不过的小结题题干。但这次我们带着问题重读，思考：正确/错误选项分别有哪些特点？
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
答案揭晓:
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
不难发现，正确选项是指文中最重要的观点（the most important ideas in the passage），也叫major ideas主要观点。而错误选项一方面可以是与原文矛盾/无中生有的信息（not presented in the passage），这一类比较容易被考生识别和排除；另一方面则是容易让考生掉进陷阱的坑点，即次要观点（minor ideas in the passage）。何谓次要观点？它与主要观点（major points）又是如何区分的呢？我们以TPO63-Passage 3-The Roman Empire为例:
There were a number of different reasons for the greatness of the Roman Empire.
据小结题给出的introductory sentence（如上），该篇文章谈论罗马帝国伟大的原因，以总分的结构展开——第1-2段陈述罗马地大物博的盛世景象，引出其原因探索，第3-7段分别从不同方面：construction and architecture, transportation network, nature, Greek art, Greek religion展开. 以下为部分选项：
Answer Choices
A. The Romans allowed the legal and administrative structures of conquered lands to operate independently of Rome
B. ………
C. ………
D. ………
E. Greek culture had a significant impact on the art and religious beliefs of the Romans
F. The Roman government made attempts to eliminate unauthorized religions
Paragraph 7
Although the Romans had gods of their own, they also adopted many Greek gods and myths and assimilated Greek religious beefs and practices into a form of state religion. To these gods they added their own defied emperors, in part to maintain the allegiance of the culturally diverse populations of the empire. Worship of ancon gods mingled with homage to past rules, and oaths of allegiance to the living ruler made the official religion a political duty-- increasingly ritualized perfunctory and distant from the everyday life of the average person. As a result, many Romans adopted the more personal religious beliefs of the people they had conquered. These unauthorized religions flourished despite occasional government efforts to suppress them.
学术文章中段落的主要观点，即所谓正确选项包含的信息，一般体现在段落中心句（topic sentence）。以上节选的第七段，从宗教神明的角度讲述希腊对罗马的塑造与影响，段落主旨即the Romans also adopted many Greek gods and myths and assimilated Greek religious beefs and practices into a form of state religion. 后三句讲述具体如何adopt 和assimilate，如新增本土的帝王神明、新旧融合等，属于supporting details，是为了进一步论述主要观点而提供的细节信息，而这些细节信息往往也为题干中说的错误选项：minor ideas. 选项F的陈述（The Roman government made attempts to eliminate unauthorized religions）即来自本段的最后一句：These unauthorized religions flourished despite occasional government efforts to suppress them，罗马政府的确对未授权的宗教有所镇压，F的表述是没有问题的，但它是关于政府具体如何处理个人信仰与国家宗教关系的，属于细节信息，并非此段the major idea，因此予以排除。
所以在读选项的时候，我们不仅要看它是否与原文信息相符，还需要区分主要观点和次要观点。一般情况下，主要观点常出现在文章第一二段，或作为其他段落的中心句。若无法直接判断主次，可退而求其次，比较选择二者中相对重要的观点。
怎么样，当你带着主要/次要观点的滤镜再次审视选项，还会觉得个个都像正确选项吗？不妨找几篇文章试试吧！
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